AI Trends and Innovations

Meta just hit Command + Zuck on its AI strategy - shredding the open-source playbook and replacing it with one that reads: Compute. Talent. Secrecy. The vibe is no longer “open source for all.” It’s “closed doors, infinite compute, elite team, existential stakes.” Let's break it down: (1) Compute: Zuck’s Manhattan Project Meta is building gigascale AI clusters. Prometheus comes online with 1 GW in 2026; Hyperion scales to 5 GW soon after. For context, Iceland’s total electricity consumption is ~2.4 GW, Cambodia is at ~4 GW. Meta’s Hyperion cluster alone could out-consume entire nations. These clusters are for training frontier models - GPT-4-class and beyond. In this new regime, FLOPS per researcher is the KPI, and Meta is going from GPU-starved to GPU-dripping. Each researcher now has more compute to play with than entire labs elsewhere. That’s not just good for performance, it's a hell of a recruiting pitch. (2) Secrecy: From Open Arms to Closed Labs Meta won developer love by open-sourcing its LLaMA models. But it also accidentally became the free R&D department for its own competitors. DeepSeek AI, for example, built on Meta's models and vaulted ahead. Now Meta is reportedly shelving its most powerful open model, Behemoth, due to both internal underperformance and external regret and shifting toward a closed frontier model, aligning more with OpenAI and Google. This is a massive philosophical reversal from “open wins” (as Yann LeCun would say) to “closed dominates.” (3) Talent: Just Buy Everyone Comp packages reportedly range from $200 million to $1 billion for AI leads. All AI efforts are now housed under a new unit, Superintelligence Labs, run by Alexandr Wang (ex-Scale AI). This elite team is small, only ~12 engineers, working in a separate, high-security building next to Zuckerberg himself. Forget beanbags and 10xers. This is a DARPA-style moonshot with a trillion-dollar company behind it. Zuckerberg has said, basically, “Look, we make a lot of money. We don’t need to ask anyone’s permission to spend it.” He’s not wrong. While OpenAI, Anthropic, and xAI rely on outside capital to fund their ambitions, Meta runs on a $165B/year ad engine. And unlike Google and Microsoft - who have boards, activist investors, and share classes that allow for dissent - Zuckerberg controls Meta, structurally and operationally. Meta’s unique dual-class share structure gives Zuckerberg over 50% of the voting power, even though he owns less than 15% of the company. He doesn’t need anyone’s approval, he can build whatever he wants. This makes Meta less like a public company and more like a founder-led sovereign AI lab - with Big Tech cash and startup flexibility. That governance structure is a strategic weapon, letting them place bold, long-term bets at breathtaking speed. Meta’s open-source era is over. This is the closed, compute-soaked, capital-fueled empire play. Less GitHub, more Los Alamos.

AI is rapidly moving from passive text generators to active decision-makers. To understand where things are headed, it’s important to trace the stages of this evolution. 1. 𝗟𝗟𝗠𝘀: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗘𝗿𝗮 𝗼𝗳 𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗮𝗴𝗲 𝗙𝗹𝘂𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆 Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-3 and GPT-4 excel at generating human-like text by predicting the next word in a sequence. They can produce coherent and contextually appropriate responses—but their capabilities end there. They don’t retain memory, they don’t take actions, and they don’t understand goals. They are reactive, not proactive. 2. 𝗥𝗔𝗚: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘅𝘁-𝗔𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) brought a major upgrade by integrating LLMs with external knowledge sources like vector databases or document stores. Now the model could retrieve relevant context and generate more accurate and personalized responses based on that information. This stage introduced the idea of 𝗱𝘆𝗻𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗰 𝗸𝗻𝗼𝘄𝗹𝗲𝗱𝗴𝗲 𝗮𝗰𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀, but still required orchestration. The system didn’t plan or act—it responded with more relevance. 3. 𝗔𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗔𝗜: 𝗧𝗼𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗔𝘂𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 Agentic AI is a fundamentally different paradigm. Here, systems are built to perceive, reason, and act toward goals—often without constant human prompting. An Agentic system includes: • 𝗠𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗿𝘆: to retain and recall information over time. • 𝗣𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴: to decide what actions to take and in what order. • 𝗧𝗼𝗼𝗹 𝗨𝘀𝗲: to interact with APIs, databases, code, or software systems. • 𝗔𝘂𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗺𝘆: to loop through perception, decision, and action—iteratively improving performance.    Instead of a single model generating content, we now orchestrate 𝗺𝘂𝗹𝘁𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀, each responsible for specific tasks, coordinated by a central controller or planner. This is the architecture behind emerging use cases like autonomous coding assistants, intelligent workflow bots, and AI co-pilots that can operate entire systems. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗵𝗶𝗳𝘁 𝗶𝗻 𝗧𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 We’re no longer designing prompts. We’re designing 𝗺𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗹���𝗿, 𝗴𝗼𝗮𝗹-𝗱𝗿𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗻 𝘀𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺𝘀 capable of interacting with the real world. This evolution—LLM → RAG → Agentic AI—marks the transition from 𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗮𝗴𝗲 𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 to 𝗴𝗼𝗮𝗹-𝗱𝗿𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗻 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲.

𝗧𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮𝗯𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝗮𝗻 𝗔𝗜 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗚𝗬 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗻𝘆? This is one of the clearest roadmap you’ll ever get to build your own: ⬇️ 1. 𝗔𝗜 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗴𝘆 𝗚𝗼𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 (𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗿𝗲): This is your strategic north star — where you define your ambition and guide every downstream decision. • Drivers → Why are you doing this? Clarifies the business/tech forces pushing AI forward.   • Value → What are you aiming to achieve? Links AI directly to measurable outcomes.   • Vision → Where is this going long-term? Provides inspiration and direction across teams.   • Alignment → Is everyone rowing in the same direction? Ensures synergy. • Risks → What could go wrong? Sets the baseline for governance and responsible AI.   • Adoption → Who will actually use it? Anticipates friction and enables change management. 📍 This is the master blueprint — Without this, you’re just building disconnected POCs. No clear target = no impact. 2. 𝗔𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗲𝘀 (𝗠𝗮𝗸𝗲 𝗜𝘁 𝗙𝗶𝘁 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗕𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀): This is where your AI ambition meets the reality of your broader enterprise. • Business Strategy → AI must serve the core business goals — not exist as a side project.   • IT Strategy → Ensures your infrastructure can support scalable AI.   • R&D Strategy → Aligns innovation with AI capabilities and funding priorities.   • D&A Strategy → Without data strategy, no AI strategy will scale. • (...) Strategy → ... 📍 Connect AI to the real levers of power in your organization — so it doesn’t get siloed or shut down. 3. 𝗔𝗜 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗹 (𝗠𝗮𝗸𝗲 𝗜𝘁 𝗥𝗲𝗮𝗹):   Once you know what you want to do, this defines how you’ll deliver it at scale. • Governance → Sets up ethical, legal, and operational oversight from day one.   • Data → Builds the pipelines and quality foundations for smart AI.   • Engineering → Equips you with the technical backbone for deployment.   • Technology → Selects the right tools, platforms, and architecture.   • Organization → Assigns ownership and accountability.   • Literacy → Ensures the workforce can actually work with AI. 📍 This is your AI engine room — without it, strategy stays theoretical. 4. 𝗔𝗜 𝗣𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗳𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗼 (𝗗𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗩𝗮𝗹𝘂𝗲):   Now it’s time to build — but with structure and intent. • Ideation/Prioritization** → Surfaces the best use cases, aligned with strategy.   • Use Cases → Translates goals into concrete applications and MVPs.   • Buy-Build → Decides how to deliver: in-house, outsourced, or hybrid.   • Change Management → Drives real adoption beyond pilots.   • Value/Cost Management → Measures success and ensures scalability. 📍 This is where value is realized — where strategy finally touches the customer and the business. 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗔𝗜 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗴𝘆 𝘀𝗵𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗱 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸 𝗹𝗶𝗸𝗲 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝘁𝗲𝗰𝗵 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗰𝗸: 𝗙𝘂𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱, 𝗲𝗻𝗱-𝘁𝗼-𝗲𝗻𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗯𝘂𝗶𝗹𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝘀𝗰𝗮𝗹𝗲! Graphic source: Gartner

AI holds great potential for the semiconductor industry and will kick-start the next round of innovation for faster, cheaper and more energy-efficient computation – that was my message today at SPIE Advanced Lithography + Patterning. I discussed the potential and the challenges that AI holds for our industry.   The potential is clearly huge. AI is rapidly integrated into applications, and high-performance compute is expected to underpin growth towards $1 trillion of semiconductor sales by 2030. The challenges are around the computing needs of AI models and related energy consumption. The compute workload of training a leading AI model has increased 16x every 2 years in recent years – much faster than the increase in computing power delivered by Moore’s law, which is about 2x every 2 years. The energy needed to train a leading model has not grown so steeply but still rose 10x every 2 years. This computing need has been met by building supercomputers and massive data centers. If you extrapolate these trends, training a leading AI model would need the entire world-wide electricity supply in about 10 years. That’s clearly not realistic, so the trend has to break, by training algorithms becoming more efficient and by chips becoming more efficient. In other words, the needs of AI will stimulate immense innovation in chip design and manufacturing – and the potential value of AI to our society will put urgency and funding behind that drive. As a consequence, chip makers are pulling all levers to accelerate semiconductor scaling. This includes lithographic “2D” scaling: shrinking the dimensions of transistors to pack more into a square millimeter. It will also include “3D” integration, with innovations like backside power delivery, transistor designs like gate-all-around, as well as stacking chips in the package, where holistic lithography will play a critical role to deliver performance requirements. ASML will support these trends through a comprehensive, holistic lithography portfolio. Our 0.33 NA/0.55 NA EUV lithography systems allow chip makers to shrink dimensions at the lowest possible cost on their critical layers, while tightly matched and highly productive DUV systems will continue to reduce cost. More than ever, metrology and inspections tools – whose data is fed into lithography control solutions that keep the patterning process operating within tight specs to deliver the highest possible production yields – will be essential to deliver 2D scaling and 3D integration processes. 3D integration requires wafer-to-wafer bonding, and we have demonstrated the capability to map the stresses and distortions that bonding creates and to compensate for them, reducing overlay errors for post-bonding patterning by 10x or more.   It was a pleasure catching up with the industry’s lithography and patterning experts in San Jose. I’m excited to see our collective innovation power having a go at these challenges. Together, we will push technology forward.

AI Agent interaction is going to be one of the most interesting software interoperability paradigms of the future. Inevitably, no one software system contains all the knowledge or information to perform all the tasks that an enterprise or users needs. This means we’ll need AI Agents to coordinate and do work together. Since the influx of modern APIs with the rise of cloud and SaaS, software interoperability has been a relatively solved problem. Most modern software offers a set of APIs and we know how to get our technologies to talk to each other in deterministic ways. AI Agents, on the other hand, offer a new era in web interoperability to coordinate non-deterministic work. No longer is one system making precise calls to another system, but instead we’ll have AI Agents that process requests from a user (or system), farm out requests to Agents in other systems as relevant, then return an answer or result back to the user with further judgment applied. For instance, you may ask Salesforce a question about a customer and an Agent will combine in an answer from Agents that review contracts in Box or billing info in Stripe. Or, you’re onboarding as a new employee and you ask an Agent a question in ServiceNow, which fans out to HR documentation in Box or data in Workday. Or you want to build software with Replit or Devin, and the Agent talks to Agents in Box for product specs, project plans in Asana, or design assets in Figma. Agents in this case would operate in a very similar fashion to how another human would interact between different software tools. Doing a search between different apps, reviewing the data, and then collating it back in a final format. Of course there are many open questions in this new era of software. Will Agent interoperability work on a bidirectional way, or will one Agent always take the lead? How do we seamlessly handle permission access between systems What is the business and financial model of a world with Agents running around doing work for us between systems? How do we ensure accuracy on results and not have incremental hallucination or mistakes at each step? As an industry, we’ll have to work to make this insanely seamless for customers, but definitely one of them most exciting paradigm shifts.

The teen models in Mango's latest campaign have perfect poses, perfect lighting, and one small detail: they don't exist. This Spanish fashion giant launched their Sunset Dream collection using entirely AI-generated models across 95 markets. Not a single human model was photographed. Here's how they did it: 📌 Took photos of real clothes on display stands 📌 Fed these pictures to their AI system 📌 Created model images in minutes 📌 Rolled out everywhere at once The business impact is massive. Fashion brands typically save 60-80% by leveraging AI photoshoots. Those savings can now fund innovation, better pricing, or faster expansion. But cost isn't the real story here. Speed is. While competitors wait weeks for campaign photos, MANGO creates, tests, and launches collections in days. No weather delays. No scheduling conflicts. No reshoots. This wasn't luck. Since 2018, Mango has built 15 different AI platforms across their business. They've been preparing for this moment. The result? Their 2024 turnover reached 3.3 billion euros in 2024, growing 7.6% from 2023. What makes this significant is that Mango proved AI-generated content can drive real sales. Their teen customers embraced these virtual models without hesitation. Fashion's biggest players are watching. If Mango's approach succeeds long-term, traditional photography could become a thing of the past for e-commerce. The brands that adapt now will set industry standards. Those that don't might find themselves competing against companies moving at AI speed. Which fashion tradition do you think AI will disrupt next?

OpenAI, calm down. I can only type so fast. Let’s cover the new releases and why they matter: Since last Thursday, OpenAI has launched ChatGPT Pulse, Commerce in chat, parental controls, and Sora 2 + Sora app. Here’s the full rundown: → ChatGPT Pulse (preview): Pro users on mobile can now get a daily, proactive research cards based on your chats, feedback, and optional calendar. You can thumbs-up/down and curate what shows next. Why does this matter? AI is getting more proactive! You won’t have to prompt all the dang time! → Commerce in chat: OpenAI rolled out Instant Checkout using the open Agentic Commerce Protocol (built with Stripe). You can already buy from U.S. Etsy sellers inside ChatGPT, with Shopify merchants “coming soon.” Why does this matter? ChatGPT was already being used to shop and browse, now it’s going fully vertical. More “complete” experiences will happen inside ChatGPT. → Parental controls: New teen safety features now let parents link accounts, set limits, and dial down sensitive content. It’s imperfect (and will evolve), but this seems to be the most concrete teen-focused guardrail set we’ve seen from them to date. Why does this matter? AI is becoming more integrated into our personal lives and full families are signing up for it as an app they use together, this was the obvious next step. → Sora 2 + Sora app: A major step-up in physical realism and control, now with synced dialogue/SFX, plus a new (currently) invite-only iOS app that looks and feels like TikTok, but for AI-generated video only. Cameos let friends appear with consent and revocable control. Available in US/Canada first. Why does this matter? Meta and TikTok own a huge part of the commerce chain because of a social-first strategy, OpenAI wants a piece of the pie. Overall: more proactive and personalized systems, more vertical integration, more connections with family and friends, and more weirdness still to come. What say you on these releases? Stay tuned for more. Dev Day is in less than a week 👀

AI isn't just another tech trend - it's a 100x force redefining how we think about productivity and value creation. I recently participated in the World Economic Forum's AI Governance Alliance, and one thing became crystal clear: We're entering the Collaborative Intelligence Era. The numbers tell the story: - 72% of organizations now use generative AI in at least one function. - AI spending will reach $630B by 2028 (29% CAGR). - Early adopters have already achieved 2.4x productivity gains and 13% cost reductions. Which industries are leading this transformation? Financial services, media, and technology are racing ahead, while healthcare and professional services are quickly catching up. What makes these industries prime for disruption? They all rely heavily on human expertise and knowledge work - where AI excels at generating content, delivering insights, and providing solutions. For founders building AI companies, this isn't just an opportunity—it's a roadmap. Know which industries are racing ahead. Understand which functions deliver immediate ROI. Time your market entry to align with enterprise readiness. In my newsletter, I share examples of AI delivering exceptional ROI and amplifying human capabilities into superhumans. Is your AI company ready to meet the market where it's heading, not just where it is today? #CollaborativeIntelligence #AITeammates World Economic Forum

McKinsey & Company’s latest research tracks a shift we see across enterprise technology. The leaders in the next chapter of software will not be the companies that simply add AI to existing products. They will be the ones that build their businesses around intelligence and treat it as core to how they create, deliver and scale value. AI is moving from tools that assist people to systems that act on their behalf. This change raises the bar for product design, commercial models and customer experience. It also increases the need for clear priorities and disciplined execution. Most early investment has gone to chips, infrastructure and large models, but the next wave of value will be created at the application layer, where AI engages real enterprise data and real workflows. Companies with strong products, secure distribution and trusted customer relationships are best positioned to benefit. AI is not replacing software. It is expanding what software can do and accelerating outcomes for users. The companies that adapt first will capture more of the value created in this new agentic era and help shape how it unfolds. https://mck.co/4pdtg5I